This is the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.

We have a question from Jonah Ojowu in Benue State, Nigeria, about a subject we have discussed in the past. Jonah is a postgraduate student in soil and management at the University of Agriculture in Makurdi. He would like information about the management of marginal lands. "Marginal" lands might have quality soil. Or they might be on a hillside that rises sharply. Or they might be in an area that gets limited rainfall. In any case, they are the last to be under good conditions and the first to be avoided under bad conditions.

But there are uses for marginal lands. Most often they are used as grasslands for cattle, or goats. A farmer might use native grasses or non-native seed. Either way, it is important to establish good ground cover to avoid the loss of soil through erosion.

Forage crops like clover and alfalfa could be planted. These members of the legume family provide high protein food for grazing animals. They also improve the of the soil.

Most plants use up nitrogen. Legumes put nitrogen back into the soil. Forage crops also reduce erosion of the soil.

But using marginal land for grazing is not as simple as it might sound. Cattle can damage forage crops by eating down to the . Also, their weight crushes the soil. That can make the ground too hard for growing.

A way to reduce the damage from overgrazing is to move animals from one field to another. Experts say rotational grazing like this is extremely important for marginal land. We will talk more about rotational grazing next week.

Another use for marginal land is for tree crops. Trees help support the soil. They reduce the damaging effects of and rain. And they can provide grazing animals with shade from the sun.

Studies have shown that the white pine and loblolly pine are two kinds of trees that grow well on marginal land. They grow and provide good quality wood. Another kind to consider is the poplar. And there are slower-growing trees like the black walnut that provide a nut crop as well as wood.

Marginal lands need care. Failing to take that care might only make a bad situation worse. But good planning can a marginal resource into a highly productive one.

And that's the VOA Special English Agriculture Report, written by Mario Ritter. Archives are at voaspecialenglish.com, where you can also contact us with questions that we might be able to answer on our program. I'm Steve Ember.